Itzhak Perlman: Complete RCA & Columbia Album Collection
Sony Masterworks
CD
$59.98Aug 07, 2020
In celebration of the great Israeli-American violinist’s 75th birthday, Sony Classical is proud to present the first-ever collection of Itzhak Perlman’s complete recordings for RCA and CBS/Sony in a single box set: 18 CDs spanning the years 1965 to 2012.
Itzhak Perlman has dominated the world of violin virtuosos for half a century. His TV appearances had already made him a household name in the US by the time he was 13. A few years later came his Carnegie Hall debut, then the prestigious Leventritt Award, followed by triumphant tours of Israel, North America and Europe between 1965 and 1968. By then he was an international celebrity and recognized “not just as the finest violinist of his generation but as one of the greatest musical talents to emerge since World War II” (leading string authority Tully Potter writing in the NEW GROVE).
And it was then that Perlman began his illustrious, virtually unparalleled career as a recording artist. His first sessions for RCA, accompanied by pianist David Garvey – with works ranging from sonatas by Handel, Leclair and Hindemith to showpieces by Paganini, Bazzini, Sarasate and Falla – took place in New York in 1965 but were not issued for nearly 40 years because the label felt concertos would make a more suitable commercial debut for the rising star. When an album of these pieces was finally released – as “Perlman Rediscovered”, in 2004 – it was hailed “an outstanding tribute to one of the great names among violinists of any age, as well as a remarkably varied and interesting recital in its own right” (ClassicsToday). These tracks are, of course, included in the new collection.
Perlman’s first concerto efforts for RCA – the Tchaikovsky, Sibelius and Prokofiev Second, with Leinsdorf and the Boston Symphony – were set down in 1966/1967 and released the following years as his recording debut. ClassicsToday acclaimed them in a recent reissue as “offering playing that is gutsy and shamelessly virtuosic, and with a sharper rhythmic focus than Perlman often achieved subsequently. The finale of the Sibelius remains a potent example of the playing’s youthful fire.” In 1969, Perlman recorded what was arguably one of the finest albums of his career, the two Prokofiev Sonatas (which he never remade), partnered by pianist Vladimir Ashkenazy at the beginning of their long and distinguished collaboration: “Delicate where needs be … and yet with a Heifetzian resilience that both sonatas willingly respond to … Perlman and Ashkenazy play with astonishing virtuosity” (Gramophone).
Itzhak Perlman’s work for American Columbia began in the mid-1970s and – apart from Bach and Vivaldi multi-violin concertos with Isaac Stern, Pinchas Zukerman and the New York Philharmonic under Zubin Mehta – cover a wide swath of chamber music with special partners: pianists Daniel Barenboim and Emanuel Ax, cellists Yo-Yo Ma and Lynn Harrell and guitarist John Williams. The Mendelssohn Piano Trios with Ax and Ma, first released in 2010, appear here for the first time in a Perlman collection (“…ensemble balance, clarity of inner part-writing, drama, lyricism, and phrase shaping of the highest order … I find these performances not just outstanding; I find them astounding” (Fanfare).
That other John Williams, the legendary composer for the silver screen, was Perlman’s collaborator in another medium, the movies: his two best-selling “Cinema Serenade” albums arranged and conducted by Williams, with Perlman featured in selections from such classic films as Modern Times, Gone with the Wind, The Adventures of Robin Hood, The Umbrellas of Cherbourg, Out of Africa, Cinema Paradiso, The Color Purple and, of course, the theme that Perlman memorably performed on the soundtrack of Williams’s Oscar-winning score for the Spielberg masterpiece Schindler’s List.
New to Perlman CD editions are two complete soundtrack albums: John Williams’s “elegant and thoughtful score” for Memoirs of a Geisha in which the violinist is joined by Yo-Yo Ma and to which Perlman “brings a magical and peculiarly oriental sound to his violin-playing” (Gramophone), and the music for Yimou Zhang’s Hero by Tan Dun: “Few composers today write more effective melodies for bowed strings” (Gramophone). And to round off this uniquely wide-ranging survey of the violinist’s musical passions and triumphs, in its first appearance in a Perlman collection, the artist is joined by golden-voiced cantor Yitzchak Meir Helfgot in Eternal Echoes, a highly praised album of liturgical and traditional selections which the violinist has affectionately described as “Jewish comfort music – everything that I recognize from my childhood is in this program.”
SET CONTENTS
DISC 1: Prokofiev: Violin Concerto No. 2 in G Minor, Op. 63 Sibelius: Violin Concerto in D Minor, Op. 47
DISC 2: Tchaikovsky: Violin Concerto in D Major, Op. 35, TH 59 Dvořák: Romance in F Minor, Op. 11, B. 39
DISC 3: Prokofiev: Violin Sonata No. 1 in F Minor, Op. 80 Prokofiev: Violin Sonata in D Major No. 2, Op. 94bis
DISC 4: Lalo: Symphonie espagnole, Op. 21 Ravel: Tzigane, M. 76 (Version for Violin & Orchestra)
DISC 5: Paganini: Centone di sonate, Op. 64, MS 112 (Sonata No. 1 in A Minor) Paganini: Sonata for Violin and Guitar in E Minor, Op. 3, No. 6, MS 27 Paganini: Sonata concertata in A Major, Op. 61, MS 2 Giuliani: Duo concertante in E Minor, Op. 25 "Grand Sonata" Giuliani: Cantabile in D Major, Op. 17, MS 109
DISC 6: Dohnányi: Serenade in C Major, Op. 10 Beethoven: Serenade in D Major, Op. 8
DISC 7: Bach, J.S.: Concerto for 2 Violins in D Minor, BWV 1043 Vivaldi: Concerto for 3 Violins in F Major, RV 551 Mozart: Sinfonia Concertante in E-Flat Major, K. 364
DISC 8: Chausson: Concerto for Violin, Piano and String Quartet in D Major, Op. 21
DISC 9: Brahms: Violin Sonata No. 1 in G Major, Op. 78 Brahms: Violin Sonata No. 2 in A Major, Op. 100 Brahms: Violin Sonata No. 3 in D Minor, Op. 108
DISC 10: Mozart: Duo for Violin & Viola in G Major, K. 423 Mozart: Duo for Violin and Viola, K. 424 Leclair: 6 Sonatas for 2 Violins, Op. 3, No. 4
DISC 11: Lubbock/Rosenbaum/Jones/Temperton: The Color Purple: Main Title Gardel: Scent of a Woman: Tango (Por Una Cabeza) Legrand: Yentl: Papa, Can You Hear Me? Bacalov: Il Postino: Theme Bernstein: The Age of Innocence: Theme Williams: Theme (From "Far and Away") Legrand: The Umbrellas of Cherbourg: I Will Wait for You Previn: Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Theme Williams: Sabrina: Theme Barry: Out of Africa: Main Title Bonfa: Black Orpheus: Manha de Carnaval Williams: Main Theme (From "Schindler's List") Morricone: Love Theme (From "Cinema Paradiso")
DISC 12: Raksin: Theme from "Laura" (1944) Steiner: Theme from Now, Voyager (1942) Chaplin: Smile from "Modern Times" (1936) Rózsa: Love Theme from Lost Weekend (1945) Young: St. Patrick's Day from The Quiet Man (1952) (Traditional) Korngold: Marian & Robin Love Theme from "The Adventures of Robin Hood" (1938) Hupfeld: As Time Goes By from "Casablanca" (1942) Walton: Touch Her Soft Lips and Part (From "Henry V") Young: Stella by Starlight from The Uninvited (1944) Young: Theme from My Foolish Heart (1949) Steiner: Tara's Theme (From "Gone with the Wind" 1939) Newman: Cathy's Theme from "Wuthering Heights" (1939)
DISC 13: Tan Dun: Works
DISC 14: Paganini: 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op. 1, MS 25 Ben-Haim: Berceuse Sfaradite Sarasate: Navarra, Op. 33 Handel: Violin Sonata in E Major, Op. 1 No. 15, HWV 373 Hindemith: Violin Sonata, Op. 11 No. 1 in E-Flat Leclair: Violin Sonata, Op. 9 No. 3 in D Bloch: Baal Shem: II. Nigun (Version for Violin & Piano) Falla: Spanish Dance No. 1 (from La vida breve) Bazzini: La ronde des lutins, Op. 25
DISC 15: John Williams: Works
DISC 16: Mendelssohn: Piano Trio No. 1 in D Minor, Op. 49 Mendelssohn: Piano Trio No. 2 in C Minor Op. 66 Mendelssohn: Songs without Words, Op. 19, No. 1 Sweet Remembrance" - Andante con moto" Mendelssohn: Songs without Words, Op. 38, No. 2 - Allegro non troppo
DISC 17: Berditchever: A Dudele Shenker: Mizmor L'Dovid Goldfaden: Shoyfer Shel Moshiakh Schwartz: Romanian Doyne Rosenblatt: T'filas Tal Traditional: Yism'chu Schloßberg: R'tzay Traditional: Dem Trisker Rebns Khosid Schorr: Sheyibone Bays Hamikdosh Traditional: Kol Nidrei
DISC 18: Tchaikovsky: Sérénade mélancolique, Op. 26, TH 56 Tchaikovsky: Valse-Scherzo, Op. 34, TH 58 Dvořák: Romance in F Minor, Op. 11, B. 39 Dvořák: 8 Humoresques, Op. 101, B. 187: No. 7, Poco lento e grazioso (Transcribed by Oscar Morawetz for Violin, Cello & Orchestra) Dvořák: Piano Trio No. 4 in E Minor, Op. 90, B. 166: "Dumky", V. Allegro Dvořák: Slavonic Dances, Op. 72, B. 147: No. 2, Dumka. Allegretto grazioso Halvorsen: Passacaglia and Sarabande for Violin and Viola (With Variations on a Theme by Handel) Walton: Canzonetta from Henry V Williams: Air and Simple Gifts
A 4 CD extravaganza of John Williams’ soundtrack and film score music joins the 12th batch of box sets released as a part of the Sony Classical Masters Series and provides a colossal reminder of Williams’ prodigious breadth and ubiquity of his works in some of the most culture defining films of the recent Hollywood era. With a disc devoted to his Star War scores, and another to his orchestral works and Olympics inspired works; the collection also features popular orchestras and soloists including Yo-Yo Ma, Itzhak Perlman, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Royal Philharmonic and more.
R E V I E W S of some of the recordings that make up this set:
It's always fascinating to go back to the early recordings of artists who are firmly ensconced in the classical music pantheon. Such is the case with this recording of the Tchaikovsky and Sibelius concertos made by Itzhak Perlman in the late 1960s. The Tchaikovsky concerto was written for virtuoso violinist Leopold Auer who actually thought the work unplayable. The young Perlman brings passion and flash to the concerto; his playing is suitably poetic in its sentimental moments and fiery in its finale. Sibelius's concerto was written about the same time that he wrote his second symphony. Perlman grasps the concerto's romantic soul while standing up to its demanding modernist technical challenges. As an added bonus the recording includes Dvorák's Romance, a gentle idyll that displays Perlman's lovely legato playing. -- MUZE [review of RCA 63591]
This album continues the tribute to classic film music from John Williams and Itzhak Perlman's CINEMA SERENADE disc. It is an undeniably old-fashioned and romantic album, befitting the era the music is drawn from. On "As Time Goes By" from CASABLANCA, Perlman proves that he's still one of the world's premier concert violinists, playing the theme with palpable ache. Most of these compositions are by the classic film composers--Alfred Newman, Miklós Rózsa, Max Steiner--with one notable exception. William Walton's theme for HENRY V gets a suitably regal, yet restrained, treatment. Perlman sounds as if he's having a good time with the sprightly Irish motifs of "The Quiet Man." The orchestrations are rich and dramatic, and the recording quality is superb. This album is highly recommended to anyone who remembers when a soundtrack was more than just a bunch of flavor-of-the-month pop tunes. -- MUZE [review of SONY 60773]
Prokofiev's F minor Sonata—surely his greatest chamber work—opens bleakly, then flowers to harmonic richness before switching to a sharp-edged Allegro brusco, a deeply introspective Andante and a closing Allegrissimo that recalls (or anticipates, depending on its precise chronology in Prokofiev's thinking) the finale of the great Eighth Piano Sonata... Perlman's is an immensely assured, sweet-centred reading, delicate where needs be (the ''wind in a graveyard'' passages of the first movement, for example) and yet with a Heifetzian resilience that both sonatas willingly respond to... When it comes to the delightful Second Sonata—of rather less import, and a second-hand utterance (the original was for flute and piano)—Perlman and Ashkenazy play with astonishing virtuosity and here their visceral virtues win hands down, especially in the Scherzo... the playing has real class, the recording is clean and there's a substantial bonus in Perlman's accomplished 1966 version of the Second Violin Concerto, where Leinsdorf and the Boston Symphony trace and characterize the score's every subtle detail—especially among the woodwind. That, for me, is the disc's most indelible interpretative feature. -- Gramophone [review of RCA 61454]
A Tribute To Jascha Heifetz (2015) Itzhak Perlman, Samuel Sanders "The first person in my evolution is Jascha Heifetz," Itzhak Perlman told The Strad magazine, "... Heifetz created a tradition for himself." In this tribute Perlman - who has also now created his own tradition - performs pieces arranged by the legendary Lithuanian-born violinist.
ARTIST: Itzhak Perlman TITLE: Brahms: Piano Trios Nos. 1 - 3 Warner Classics/Parlophone. Perlman, Harrell and Ashkenazy - formidable soloists who make a committed team of chamber musicians - followed their recorded collaboration in Beethoven and Tchaikovsky with this collection of Brahms's four piano trios. Happy Birthday, Mr. Perlman! Warner Classics is proud to celebrate Itzhak Perlman's 70th birthday with several releases. Itzhak is adored by audiences around the world and is a musician whose powerful but sympathetic artistic personality provides a model for the players who have followed him. All 59 albums will are also being released individually and all recordings from the analogue era have been carefully remastered in 24-bit/96kHz sound at Abbey Road Studios. The box set also includes a 96 page hardback book. The celebration also includes the 3 CD set The Perlman Sound, a single LP also titled The Perlman Sound, and The center piece is the 77 CD box set Itzhak Perlman: The Complete Warner Recordings. This 59 album set contains all the recordings he made for EMI Classics and also for Erato and Teldec.
Vivaldi: The Four Seasons (2015) Itzhak Perlman, London Philharmonic Orchestra When it comes to evoking the colors and moods of Vivaldi's Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter, Itzhak Perlman deploys an inimitably rich and varied palette. He directs the London Philharmonic Orchestra from the violin.
Vinyl LP pressing. In Perlman's words, Tchaikovsky "wears his heart on his sleeve" and his violin concerto is a work of "unabashed Romanticism". While bringing sensitivity and substance to his interpretation, Perlman never slips into sentimentality, and he leads an exhilarating dance in the finale. This concerto more than any other has accompanied him throughout his career. Indeed, Perlman's often claimed that he could play it virtually in his sleep. It could even be seen as emblematic of his style, given both the prodigiously virtuosic demands it makes on the performer and it's charismatic warmth.
Fans of great violin playing naturally will want to hear this outstanding sampling of the art of the young Itzhak Perlman, most of which has never been released on CD. The violinist blasts through Paganini's Caprices Nos. 1, 16, and (of course) 24 with scrupulous technique and a total lack of inhibition. In the remaining works he's well partnered by pianist David Garvey, best known for his work with soprano Leontyne Price. Among the items represented are some truly uncommon gems, such as Ben-Haim's Berceuse Sfaradite, Hindemith's sweet little Sonata Op. 11 No. 1, and a smoking performance of Bazzini's La Ronde des lutins. Perlman gives a nod to the Baroque tradition (while remaining firmly within the modern school, obviously), with uncommonly exciting versions of Handel's Sonata Op. 1 No. 15 and Leclair's Op. 9 No. 3.
Rounding out the program are Bloch's Nigun (gorgeous tone here) and two Spanish favorites--Sarasate's Navarra Op. 33 and Kreisler's arrangement of Falla's Spanish Dance from La vida breve. The sonics balance the two players well considering Perlman's predilection for remaining front and center, though the violin sometimes sounds as if it's in a slightly different acoustic. Never mind. This is an outstanding tribute to one of the great names among violinists of any age, as well as a remarkably varied and interesting recital in its own right. As such, it's self-recommending. --David Hurwitz, ClassicsToday.com
Itzhak Perlman - "Complete Recordings on Deutsche Grammophon" [25 CD] Between 1968 and 2001, Itzhak Perlman recorded a remarkable series of albums for Deutsche Grammophon and Decca, partnering with some of the greatest conductors, pianists, and ensembles of the era. To celebrate his 80th birthday, this 25-CD edition gathers these recordings in one definitive set. The collection highlights Perlman's unmatched versatility, from concertos and sonatas to chamber works and song accompaniments. It includes his celebrated collaborations with Daniel Barenboim, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Pinchas Zukerman, Seiji Ozawa, James Levine, and Zubin Mehta, among others. The set also contains a special "favorites" disc, evocative session photographs, new liner notes by Tully Potter, and reflections from Perlman, Barenboim, and Zukerman. Verve Label Group; Deutsche Grammophon; Classical; Catalog.
In 1967, New York Impresario Sol Hurok presented Mstislav Rostropovich in 8 monumental evenings in Carnegie Hall from Feb. 23 to March 12, 1967. Rostropovich performed 30 cello concertos - offering standard concerto repertoire and new works, several of which were written for him and two were world premieres. From these, a selection of 22 concertos from the actual 1967 performances are presented in this set. This marathon program features works from Elgar, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Prokofiev, Shostakovich, Respighi, Hindemith, Honegger, Britten, Khrennikov, and more.
This is the complete video release of Brahms' chamber music with several reference recordings. Moreover, the 16 hours of SD-quality video materials presented here on a single Blu-ray disc are equivalent to about eight standard DVD releases. This edition features great performances by today's most outstanding artists showcasing their thrilling artistry in inimitable performances. A must for any Brahms aficionado!
Vinyl LP pressing. When it comes to evoking the colors and moods of Vivaldi's Spring', 'Summer', 'Autumn' and 'Winter', Itzhak Perlman deploys an inimitably rich and varied palette. He directs the London Philharmonic Orchestra from the violin.
It is quite impossible to imagine today's violin heritage without the absolute musical genius of Perlman. Daniel Barenboim. Over the past 60 years Itzhak Perlman has become established as one of the great violinists of history - a player on a level with such legendary figures as Fritz Kreisler, Jascha Heifetz and David Oistrakh. Providing a treasurable memento of his art, this is a newly assembled 5LP collection of masterworks for violin and orchestra in what have become legendary recordings. They bear witness to his collaborations with the world's greatest orchestras, and feature an array of superlative fellow soloists and conductors: Carlo Maria Giulini, Daniel Barenboim, Yo-Yo Ma and Eugene Ormandy.
Itzhak Perlman, born in 1945, is the supreme violinist of his time. Over the past 60 years he has become established as one of the great violinists of history - a player on a level with such legendary figures as Fritz Kreisler, Jascha Heifetz and David Oistrakh, and an influential musician admired around the world by a broad and varied public and by students of his instrument. Presenting his art in all it's warmth, generosity and brilliance, this comprehensive 78-CD edition features all the recordings Perlman made for EMI Classics, Teldec, Erato and Warner Classics over a period of more than 40 years. The recordings document his collaborations with the world's greatest orchestras and feature an array of superlative fellow soloists and conductors, including Martha Argerich, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Daniel Barenboim, Carlo Maria Giulini, Bernard Haitink, Lynn Harrell, Yo-Yo Ma, Zubin Mehta, Seiji Ozawa, Andre Previn and Pinchas Zukerman.
Perlman already had a recording of the Brahms Double Concerto to his name - on that occasion sharing the bill with Mstislav Rostropovich, conducted by Bernard Haitink (1979). He creates an equally sumptuous dialogue here with Yo-Yo Ma. The two performers match one another for brio and lyricism, their playing informed by the same sense of joyfulness, as their enthusiasm and generosity of spirit combine. Indeed, the coherence of sound, vibrato and intonation of these two soloists, each at the peak of his powers, reveals a fellowship both instrumental and spiritual. The vigour of the attacks and power of the phrasings, sustained by dazzling playing from the orchestra, add a rarely achieved Romantic dimension to this performance, transforming it into a veritable feast for the ears.
Double vinyl LP pressing. Emerging triumphant in consistent and spectacular fashion, Itzhak Perlman - always a perceptive musician - also tells a captivating story with every piece. Ever since they were first published in Milan in 1820, the 24 Caprices of Niccolo Paganini have been regarded as the ultimate challenge for any virtuoso violinist. They are provocatively dedicated Agli artisti ('To the artists'), but few of Paganini's contemporaries were able to tackle the multiple technical demands inherent in the most astounding solo violin works yet written. In the 20th century, even allowing for the development of instrumental technique, the advent of modern recording technology and it's editing facilities, few performers in our own age have been brave enough to commit all 24 of the Caprices to disc. The legendary Jascha Heifetz recorded only three, Yehudi Menuhin only six. The Italian maestro Ruggiero Ricci, a life-long advocate of Paganini's music, was the first to set down all 24 on record. But it was Israeli-born Perlman in 1972, then aged 26, who was to make the definitive recording. Almost half a century later, Perlman's recording remains the benchmark by which all others are measured.
Bach: Sonaten Und Partiten (2015) - Itzhak Perlman - A supreme violinist performs the supreme works for unaccompanied violin. In preparing the Bach Sonatas and Partitas, Perlman sought authenticity through the score itself, not through musicological research: "Music is a language, and, performed responsively, with musical logic as guide, it will make sense."
The distinctive character of each of Prokofiev's Violin Concertos seems rooted in it's genesis: the first, nervy and iconoclastic, coincided with the Russian Revolution; the second, more sober and expansively lyrical, dates from 1935, when Prokofiev was preparing a permanent return to his native country. The two concertos were written nineteen years apart - a period that coincides almost completely with the years Prokofiev spent "in exile", first in the US and then in France. He composed No. 1 shortly before leaving Russia, and No. 2 just months before his return to the Soviet Union. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that the two works are so different from one another. Perlman chose to record these two concertos with Gennady Rozhdestvensky, whose experience in this repertoire he no doubt deemed second to none.
Itzhak Perlman, born in 1945, is the supreme violinist of his time. In works composed by Nicolo Paganini and Pablo de Sarasate - two virtuosi who in their own eras defined the art of the violin - Itzhak Perlman, in the recording that launched his Warner Classics catalogue, offers both dazzling brilliance and enticing lyricism.
Itzhak Perlman, born in 1945, is the supreme violinist of his time. More than a decade after his first recording of the Mendelssohn and Bruch concertos (with Andre Previn), Perlman returned to them with Bernard Haitink and the Concertgebouw Orchestra, bringing new insights and a still more acute sense for their Romantic contrasts and drama.
Paganini: 24 Caprices (2015) Itzhak Perlman - Each of Paganini's 24 Caprices presents the violinist with a specific technical challenge. Emerging triumphant in consistent and spectacular fashion, Itzhak Perlman - always a perceptive musician - also tells a captivating story with every piece. With amazing album cover art.
Mendelssohn: Violin Concerto No. 2/Bruch: Violin Concerto No. 1 (2015) Itzhak Perlman, Bernard Haitink, Concertgebouw Orchestra. More than a decade after his first recording of the Mendelssohn and Bruch concertos, Perlman returned to them with Bernard Haitink and the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, bringing new insights and an even more acute feeling for their Romantic contrasts and drama.
Tchaikovsky: Violin Concerto & Serenade melancolique (2015) Itzhak Perlman, Philadelphia Orchestra, Eugene Ormandy In Perlman's words, Tchaikovsky "wears his heart on his sleeve" and his violin concerto is a work of "unabashed Romanticism". While bringing sensitivity and substance to his interpretation, Perlman never slips into sentimentality and he leads an exhilarating dance in the finale.
Brahms: Violin Concerto (2015) Itzhak Perlman, Carlo Maria Giulini, Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Heroic, dramatic, reflective and joyous, Brahms's Violin Concerto - written for the great Joseph Joachim, a close friend of the composer - is one of the monuments of the Romantic repertoire. In a performance of epic sweep, Itzhak Perlman and Carlo Maria Giulini do full justice to it's ambitions.
Intimate and inspiring communication is of the essence in chamber music. Here Beethoven's characteristically masterly works in the genre are interpreted by musicians who defined their era as star soloists and were also close collaborators and friends: Barenboim, du Pre, Perlman, Zukerman, Harrell and others. Dating from the years around 1970 and from the early 1990s, these recordings do full justice to the spirit and scope of Beethoven's genius.
