Johann Mattheson (1681-1764) was a German musician, teacher, music theorist, diplomat and composer who lived his life in Hamburg. He composed mainly vocal and some instrumental works. Johann Mattheson was a contemporary and personally knew composers George Frideric Handel, Christoph Graupner and Reinhard Keiser.

Almost all of Mattheson's music vanished during World War II and was presumed lost, however missing scores and copies were discovered in 1998 in Yerevan, Armenia and were returned to the city of Hamburg. The rediscovered scores included four operas and most of the oratorios. The manuscripts are now located at the Staats und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, the former Hamburg Stadtbibliothek.